practice_final

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Mr. PetersonAssuming a conditional claim is true, if the sufficient condition is present, then the necessary condition necessarily follows.It is possible for an invalid argument to have a true conclusion.If a strong argument has a false conclusion, then not all its premises can be true.The claim, "Fluoridated water prevents tooth decay," if true, implies that fluoridated water would prevent tooth decay in the majority of individuals who use it.Better student papers do not use sources because the use of sources require appeals to authority.You can safely assume that, if a person has a vested interest in an issue, any position that he or she takes on that subject must be false or weakly supported.In an inductive generalization, the conclusion makes a general statement about the sample population."You may kiss me only if you're engaged to me" is the same as "If you may kiss me, then you're engaged to me."Claims using high modalities require deductive arguments to support them.Propaganda works primarily because the target audience wants it to work.In order to determine whether an argument is valid, one must first know whether the premises are true.The purpose of a good hypothesis is to prove something is true.The inclusive "or" means "A or B but not both A and B."Even if the premises of an inductive argument are known to be true, it is always possible that the conclusion is false.Modus ponens lis Latin for "affirming the consequent.""The average temperature in San Francisco is the same as in Oklahoma City. " (This is true, by the way.) What the statement fails to take into account is . . . If George is elected, then Dick is elected. George is not elected. So, Dick is not elected."Entities are not to be multiplied beyond necessity." This is:When a message takes hold among a few people and they spread the word. This is called . . ."If this is a fifty point test, then I have fifty-five chances to get fifty points. This is a fifty point test. Therefore, I have fifty-five chances to get fifty point.s" This is an example of . . . "We recommend terminating the pregnency Mrs. Wilson." This is an example of . . .Identify the possibly manipulative emotive word in the following description: The President made several thoughtful recommendations to the House Budget Committee.The fallacy of assuming that because event A preceeded event B, that event A caused event B is called:"The doorman didn't see him. The doorman would have seen him if Jones went out the front way. So he didn't go out the front way." This argument is:

(TIP: You must know three key things in order to get this right. First, you must know the argument patterns and their names [make flashcards]. Second, that the order of the sentences may not initially match the pattern. You have to get them in the right order to recognize the pattern. [Remember, 2+3=5 is the same as 5=3+2.) Third, you must remember how informal variations of the conditional statement work, and be able to put it back into standard form.)"Our company is based in Memphis just like Holiday Inn and Federal Express." This is an example of:"An argument where if the premises were true, then the conclusion would have to be true." This defines:Susan: "I'm in favor of legalizing marijuana for medical purposes. It can help those with glaucoma and cancer."
Bruce: "You heard it for yourself, Susan wants to legalize drugs. It's bad enough in this country with alcohol and tobacco being legal. But if we legalize all of these drugs, pretty soon nobody will be safe from drug-crazed zombies."
This is an example of:In the following pair, which is the necessary condition?
The pencil exists
I know the pencil exists.The circumstance where the media cause a change in the culture's paradigm is called . . . Which of the following arguments follow the modus tollens pattern?"My doctor said the tests show I am asking for a heart attack if I don't lose weight. Why should I take his advice? He's overweight himself." This is an example of:Highway Patrolman to Driver: "Just when did you realize that you were speeding?" This is an example of:Every argument falls into which categories?Complete the following argument by providing the correct conclusion: "If interest rates keep dropping, then the housing market will be stimulated. If the housing market is stimulated, the value of homes will rise. Thus, ""Mr. A. Theist has argued that a moment of silence in public schools would violate the separation of church and state. But have you ever met that jerk? His attacks on religion obviously stem from the fact that he's a narrow minded bigot who never had the inclination to pray for the benefit of anyone else. In fact, just the fact that Mr. Theist opposes the proposal is enough for me to accept it." This is an exaple of:"I know God exists, because the Bible says He does. And I know the Bible is true because God wrote it." This is an example of . . ."Mary drives a Volvo, has a degree from Stanford, and lives in Sausalito. So, she's sure to be well off financially." This is an example of:Which inductive pattern does the following argument best represent? "The human brain is like a very complex computer. Both computer and the brain receive and store data for future reference. Both make calculations and draw conclusions from data they have collected. But when a computer is filled with inaccurate information, it will nearly always yield inaccurate calculations and yield false conclusions. Hence, it seems likely the same is true of the human brain. For these reasons, it is imperative that we avoid filling our brains with inaccurate and misleading information."p or q. ~P. Therefore q."Hey, I don't see what's wrong with taking a pad of paper or a few computer disks home from the office. I mean, they'll never be missed by anyone. besides, this company has been underpaying me for years." This is an example of:41. Essay Question One. (This program will not grade the essay questions. The answer can be found in the Lessions/Lecture section of the website. Also, for quick reference, see the Site Index.) The answer to this question can be found in Module 12, starting with Session 3.

Frequently we hear claims about scientific hypotheses where the certainty of the claim overstates logical limitations. (For instance, "We know all life on earth evolved.") 1. Explain the logic of hypotheses. 2. In doing so, name and explain each of the two logical patterns that hypotheses can take. 3. How are world views like scientific hypotheses?42. Essay Question Two. (This program will not grade the essay questions. The answer can be found in the Lessions/Lecture section of the website. Also, for quick reference, see the Site Index.) The answer to this question can be found in Module 13.

1. Discuss the characteristics of (a) non-critical thinking, (b) weak-sense critical thinking, and (c) strong-sense critical thinking. 2. (a) Which best describes you? (b) Justify your answer. 3. What do you intend to do to improve the quality of your reasoning?Make Your Own Quizzes